The simplest cause of the accelerating expansion of the universe

I have an idea that could be the simplest explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe. I'm surprised that I've never found such a simple explanation anywhere on the Internet.

My idea is born from the fact that in the center of almost all the galaxies there is a super massive black hole. The objects near the black hole have a spiral motion towards the center of the black hole. There are different reasons that cause this spiral motion, including the dynamical friction.

The stars and the other astronomical objects of a spiral galaxy have a spiral motion. This may be seen for example in the videos in the Wikipedia pages of the galaxy rotation curve and of the density wave theory (that is the theory that explains the spiral structure of the spiral galaxies).

Then in the universe we have: 

• satellites that rotate around a planet
• planets that rotate around a star
• stars that rotate around a super massive black hole in the center of a galaxy

Therefore in the universe we have a scheme: masses that rotate around larger masses. My idea is to generalize this scheme and to apply this scheme on a larger scale, and then on a even larger scale and so on.

The first step of my idea is that the Milky Way and all the astronomical objects that we have observed until now are part of a Colossal Galaxy Cluster around a Colossal Black Hole.

The following Figure 1 shows the first step of my idea:

Figure 1

 

MW, that is the yellow dot, is the Milky Way. CBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is a Colossal Black Hole. CGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is a Colossal Galaxy Cluster.

The CGC is a three-dimensional structure and all the astronomical objects (including galaxies and supernovae) in the CGC have a spiral motion towards the colossal black hole, from any direction in the three-dimensional space. 

Until now, we have observed only a little part of the CGC, because the range of all the telescopes is limited. This is shown in the following Figure 2:

 

Figure 2

CBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is a Colossal Black Hole. CGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is a Colossal Galaxy Cluster. E, that is the cyan dot, is the Earth. OP, that is the area filled with yellow dots around the Earth, is the Observed Part of the universe, that is the part of the universe that we have observed until now. OP is only a little part of the CGC and of the observable universe.

Note that the CBH has a mass that is many billion times the mass of the OP. Someone could say that it's absurd to think to a black hole having such a large mass. Actually, the black hole cosmology, that argues that all the observable universe is inside a black hole, has been studied for many years. My idea is simpler: the portion of the universe that we have observed until now (OP) is part of a colossal galaxy cluster (CGC) that rotate outside of a colossal black hole (CBH).

This idea could explain the accelerating expansion of the universe, that was discovered calculating, from the redshift, the acceleration of some supernovae. This has been then confirmed by the baryon acoustic oscillations.

All the objects in the CGC, and therefore in the OP, have a spiral motion towards the CBH. The objects closest to the CBH have accelerations greater than the more distant objects. This is shown in the following Figure 3:

Figure 3

E is the Earth, while S1 and S2 are two supernovae. a_E, a₁ and a₂ are their respective accelerations.

Now consider the following Figure 4, that shows the accelerations relative to the Earth, that are obtained subtracting a_E from the absolute accelerations:

Figure 4

ra₁ and ra₂ are the accelerations relative to the Earth. Therefore we see the supernovae accelerating away from the Earth.

However, note that the motion of the objects that we observe are not only influenced by the mass of the CBH, but also by the mass of the other objects in the CGC.

Actually, we haven't seen with the telescopes the accelerating expansion of the universe, but rather the accelerating expansion of the OP, that is the part of the universe that we have observed until now. In effect, all the evidences of the accelerating expansion proof only the accelerating expansion of the OP and not of the entire universe.

Usually, the cause of the accelerating expansion of the universe is considered the dark energy, that is related to a posive cosmological constant and to the vacuum energy. However, the cosmological constant problem is still unresolved: the observed value of the vacuum energy is many orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical value of zero-point energy.

Other alternative causes of the accelerating expansion of the universe have been proposed, such as the quintessence, the massive gravity and the multiverse.

In my theory, the accelerating expansion of the OP is simply caused by the gravity of the CBH and of the other objects in the CGC. My theory is simpler than other theories and therefore, for the Occam's razor, preferable.

In addition, the current standard cosmological model, that is the Lambda-CDM (Lambda cold dark matter) model of the Big Bang, is questioned by many simulations and observations of the universe, for instance the ones that show the violation of the cosmological principle.

Note also that some observations that are currently considered to be caused by the dark matter could be explained by the gravity of the CBH and of the other objects in the CGC.

A less known theory that tries to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe is the VACIS, that argues that the universe is contracting in a spiral. My idea is simpler: the objects in the CGC and in the OP have a spiral motion towards the CBH. In addition, how I will explain later, the CGC is probably only a little part of the universe. However, the considerations of the VACIS on the motion of the galaxies could help to confirm my theory.

I remark that until now I've exposed only the first step of my idea. Now we could apply the same scheme on a larger scale. We could think that there are billions of Colossal Galaxy Clusters, that form a Super Colossal Galaxy Cluster around a Super Colossal Black Hole. The objects in the Super Colossal Galaxy Cluster have a spiral motion towards the Super Colossal Black Hole. 

This is shown in the following Figure 5:

 

Figure 5

SCGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is the Super Colossal Galaxy Cluster.  SCBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is the Super Colossal Black Hole.  SCGC is a cluster of CGCs (Colossal Galaxy Clusters) that have a spiral motion towards the SCBH. The yellow dot in the figure is the CGC that contains the Milky Way and the Earth.

Then we could apply the same scheme on a even larger scale and so on.

We could define by induction:

• Super⁰ Colossal = Colossal
• Super¹ Colossal = Super Colossal
• Super² Colossal = Super Super Colossal

...

• Super^N Colossal = Super Super^N-1 Colossal
  
• Super^N+1 Colossal = Super Super^N Colossal

The following Figure 6 shows the generic case for N positive integer (greater than 0):

 

Figure 6

 

S^NCGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is the Super^N Colossal Galaxy Cluster.  S^NCBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is the Super^N Colossal Black Hole.  S^NCGC is a cluster of S^N-1CGCs (Super^N-1 Colossal Galaxy Clusters) that have a spiral motion towards the S^NCBH. The yellow dot in the figure is the S^N-1CGC that contains the Milky Way and the Earth.

Note that the case N = 0 is shown in the previous Figure 1 while the case N = 1 is shown in the previous Figure 5.

An open problem is whether N is illimited or limited and which is the superior limit of N. Maybe N is illimited and the universe is infinite and in the universe there are black holes as big as we want.

Note also that, if in the universe there is more than one CBH,  the motion and the acceleration of the astronomical objects that we observe, including galaxies and supernovae, may also be influenced by the gravity of the other CBHs and CGCs.

Another idea, that could solve the cosmological constant problem, is that the discrepancy between the observed value of the vacuum energy and the much larger theoretical value of zero-point energy may be due to the gravity of the CBHs and of the other objects in the CGCs: part of the acceleration caused by zero-point energy could be deleted by the acceleration caused by the gravity.

With regard to the testability of my ideas, I think that they could be tested by means of relativistic N-body simulations, that allow to simulate objects that we cannot observe but that influence the motion of the objects that we observe.

 

 

Appendix: my experience with scienceforums.net

I created a topic in the Speculation forum of the site Science Forums to discuss my ideas on the accelerating expansion of the universe.
My ideas have been heavily criticized and after a week my topic has been locked.
The main criticism was that my ideas are guesswork and hand-waving. This is true: my ideas are fruit of my imagination.
I'm not an astrophysicist, physicist, mathematician or scientist. I'm not able to create a mathematical model or a simulation based on my ideas.
On the other hand, if one has his mind full of equations and formulas, probably he can't imagine the part of the universe that we can't observe.

Someone wrote in a post of my topic: "I would relax about getting credit for this idea for the time being".
I can't relax, because my topic had more than 4000 views in a week. After the closure of my topic, the number of views continued to increase and surpassed 5000 views, that are much more than other topics.

Why does my topic have so many views ?

Maybe my ideas don't deserve to be thrown away.

Some critics suggested me to use equations based on Schwarzschild metric or FLRW metric, someone suggested to use the shell theorem.
I'm not convinced by these critics, because these equations and theorems are valid only if some conditions are true: the Schwarzschild solution supposes that the space is empty outside the black hole (vacuum solution); the FLRW solution supposes that the space is homogeneous and isotropic; the shell theorem considers a mass inside a spherically symmetrical hollow shell and it is valid in classical mechanics, not in relativistic mechanics.
These conditions are not true if there are many bodies that have a spiral motion around a black hole.
I think that the best way to test this situation is by means of relativistic N-body simulations.
Many of my readers certainly have considerable mathematical knowledge and skills.
Some of my readers might be able to create a mathematical model or a simulation based on my ideas and obtain interesting results and publish them.
The current standard cosmological model is already questioned by many simulations and observations of the universe, for instance the ones that show the violation of the cosmological principle.
Maybe the future observations of the universe will confirm that the current standard cosmological model is wrong.